Cologne was never an actual center for any of the important ’60s art movements. None of them was born here, not Nouveau Réalisme, Pop art, Fluxus, Happenings, nor actionism. But Cologne’s transformation into a European art metropolis did begin in that decade, on the fertile ground of a vital intermediary scene in a relatively open climate, in spite of infringements by the police and courts. In “Die 60er Jahre: Kölns Weg zur Kunstmetropole vom Happening zum Kunstmarkt” (The ’60s: Cologne’s emergence as an art metropolis from the Happening to the art market), a surprisingly lively mixture of