Summing up the experience of the Jewish pioneers of modernism, the artist Henryk Gotlib observed in 1932: “It is not important what Jews became for painting but what painting became for the Jews.” Without claiming to be a survey of art produced by Jewish artists in Warsaw, Lodz, Krakow, Lvov, and Vilna during the interwar period, this fascinating exhibition focused on a number of individuals who defined modernism in the local context, while situating their works in relation to a broader international art scene. Stressing the avant-garde aspects of pieces in various media, the show—superbly